Response of Acacia Sieberiana to Repeated Experimental Burning

We conducted a study on how Acacia sieberiana respond to repeated burning in the Kidepo National Park in northeastern Uganda. The study was conducted to understand effects of common burning regimes (early dry season, late dry season, and no burn [control]) in the area on Acacia sieberiana. The three treatments were applied for three consecutive years to 14 replicate blocks in a randomized block design. All A. sieberiana trees were number tagged and monitored for height and girth (diameter at breast height) growth. All fires were set as head-fires and attained intensity ranging between 422 and 5693 kW · m⁻¹. Both early and late dry season burning increased the number of small (< 49 cm) A. sieberiana trees after 2 yr. Burning did not affect the growth rates. Although the number of trees < 49 cm increased after 2 yr, the mortality in this height class was also increased by the late dry season burning, and after 3 yr of consecutive burning there were no statistical treatment differences in the height class < 49 cm. Late dry season burning also led to high mortality among trees > 250 cm in the third year. Mortality attributed to elephant browsing was important in all treatments but a substantial portion of mortality could not be attributed to any particular cause. In the late burn, fire was the most important mortality factor. Thus, 2 yr of burning may be used as a tool to stimulate recruitment of A. sieberiana, but additional years of late dry season burning will increase the mortality of older trees.     

藏草乌水煎提取液体外杀灭羊虱蝇药效及皮肤毒性试验研究

试验旨在研究藏草乌的水煎提取液在体外杀灭羊虱蝇的药效作用及其皮肤毒性、刺激性、过敏性试验,为藏草乌的开发利用和临床应用提供理论依据。将1%、2%、4%、8%、10%藏草乌水煎提取液分别滴于衬有吸水纸和羊虱蝇的平皿中,在1、2、4、8 h时分别观察其对羊虱蝇的杀灭情况。取相同剂量1%、2%藏草乌水煎提取液均匀涂于大白兔的完整皮肤和破损皮肤,进行皮肤毒性、刺激性和过敏性试验。结果显示,给药1 h后各浓度的藏草乌水煎提取液及阳性对照组均出现了不同程度的羊虱蝇杀灭效果,4 h后阳性对照组杀灭率为100%,8 h时,1%、2%藏草乌水煎提取液杀灭率达到70%,而2%藏草乌水煎提取液较1%药物组杀灭羊虱蝇效果好;皮肤毒性试验显示,大白兔皮肤无红斑、水肿,体重变化正常;皮肤刺激性试验结果显示,藏草乌提取液对大白兔皮肤无刺激性;皮肤致敏反应结果表明,藏草乌提取液对大白兔不具有致敏性。综上所述,藏草乌水煎提取液具有良好的体外杀灭羊虱蝇作用,且皮肤用药安全。     

两种丛枝菌根菌剂对温室番茄穴盘幼苗生长的影响

在温室穴盘栽培条件下,对番茄幼苗接种2种商品用丛枝菌根菌剂BF(mycorrhizaforplants)和VT(mycorrhizaforvegetables),测定幼苗生长发育及光合生理等指标。结果表明:VT和BF均能不同程度地侵染番茄根系,接种35d后侵染率分别为78.3%、66.4%。接种AMF后幼苗的株高、茎粗、干质量、鲜质量、根系活力、叶绿素含量、净光合速率均大于未接菌对照,且接种VT菌剂的幼苗与未接菌对照相比差异显著。综合分析表明,VT对番茄穴盘幼苗的促生效果较好。     

玉米田养鹅对土壤理化性状、杂草多样性及玉米生长的影响

为探究"玉米田养鹅"对农田生态系统杂草多样性、土壤理化性质及玉米生长状况的影响,以林芝市八一镇章麦村试验田为研究对象,运用对比方法,研究玉米田养鹅(Raising geese in cornfield,RGC)和对照(Control,CK)土壤理化性质、杂草多样性及玉米生长的异同,旨在通过田间状态的描述和中间状态的研究,为以后优化玉米田调控措施提供依据。结果表明:1)RGC处理有19种杂草,其中以菊科植物最多,对照组仅有9种。不同功能群杂草密度相差很大,双子叶一年生或越年生被子植物功能群杂草密度远远高于其他5种功能群;RGC处理提高了杂草群落Shannon-Wiener和Simpson多样性指数,但降低了Pielou均匀度指数和Margalef物种丰富度指数;2)RGC处理土壤含水率较对照高1.27%,与对照相比差异不显著(P0.05);3)随着土层加深,RGC和对照土壤紧实度均呈逐渐增加趋势,且RGC对紧实度影响显著;4)对照土壤碱解氮含量为86.48mg/kg,略高于RGC处理2.67mg/kg(P0.05),速效钾含量为161.07mg/kg,略高于RGC处理28.66mg/kg(P0.05),而RGC的土壤中速效磷含量为120.98mg/kg,是对照(106.25mg/kg)的1.14倍(P0.05)。结论:RGC处理增加了农田系统杂草数量、种类和生物量,提高了生物多样性,使土壤紧实度明显减小、土壤含水率增加及土壤养分含量出现差异,且玉米各项农艺性状低于对照。     

生物炭施用方式及用量对土壤水分入渗与蒸发的影响

研究生物炭施用方式及用量对土壤水分入渗、蒸发特性的影响,可为旱区农业与生态建设中应用生物炭改良土壤水文特性提供科学依据与技术支持。该文采用室内土柱模拟方法,研究了3种生物炭施用方式A(施在表层0~10 cm)、B(施在下层10~20 cm)和C(施在耕层0~20 cm)和4种质量添加比例(0、1%、2%和4%)对土壤水分湿润峰、累积入渗量及蒸发的影响。结果表明:生物炭对土壤水分入渗、蒸发的影响受施用方式和用量的共同制约。与对照(不施生物炭)相比,A与C施用方式在1%和2%用量均可以减缓湿润峰运移速度,而较高用量(4%)可以促进湿润峰运移;B施用方式2%用量明显促进湿润峰运移,1%与4%用量无明显影响;以入渗时间50 min为例,A4%能显著增加累积入渗量,增量达对照的10.63%(P0.05),而B1%、A1%、C2%、C1%、C4%可显著降低累积入渗量(P0.05),减少量分别达对照的13.90%、12.46%、8.49%、5.32%、4.66%,其余处理与对照相比差异不显著。在同一施用方式下,除C2%和C1%外,各处理累积入渗量均随生物质炭用量增加而呈上升趋势。各处理土壤湿润峰运移距离与时间之间呈幂函数关系,且累积入渗量与时间关系可用Kostiakov入渗经验公式描述,Philip入渗模型可用于描述耕层(0~20 cm)混合生物炭土壤累积入渗量变化过程。各处理35d累积蒸发量与对照相比差异不显著。A4%可显著增加耕层土壤入渗能力,在改良质地较黏土壤入渗性能时,在土壤表层添加较高用量(4%)生物炭效果较好。     

西藏园林植物调查与应用

为了解西藏地区绿化现状,定量分析其园林绿化基本情况,解决绿化中的相关问题,采用“生物五点法”进行了园林植物群落分层调查,首次对西藏各地的园林植物种类和应用现状进行了全面普查,并详细分析了西藏地区园林绿化的现状、特点及问题,提出了相应举措。调查结果表明,（1）西藏地区应用园林植物共计91科207属368种（含品种）;（2）乔木层、灌木层、草本层重要值最高的分别为林芝云杉、大叶黄杨、草地早熟禾,其重要值分别为43.050,25.128,45.950;（3）西藏绿化中应用最多的依次为蔷薇科、杨柳科、菊科、豆科、禾本科、松科、木犀科和柏科,分别有53,23,21,20,19,16,14,12种,分别占调查植物的14.40%,6.25%,5.71%,5.43%,5.16%,4.35%,3.80%,3.26%;（3）绿化发展不均衡,园林植物应用地区差异大,园林植物配置单一;（4）园林植物配比不合理。     

西藏农民专业合作社发展问题研究

为进一步规范西藏农民专业合作社管理,提高西藏农牧业经营水平,充分发挥农民专业合作社在增加农民收入中的重要作用,加快构建西藏农牧业经营主体,推进西藏农牧业持续快速发展,在对西藏自治区农民专业合作社发展现状进行深入调研基础上,全面总结西藏农民专业合作社发展成效和成功经验,重点分析了合作社运行机制不规范、效益分配不合理、利益连接不紧密等发展中存在的问题和制约因素,并依据农民专业合作社理论、政策和制度,提出从提高认识、强化引导,整合资源、集约发展,完善机制、强化管理,示范引领、加强扶持,培训指导、提升服务等5个方面进一步规范和支持农民专业合作社快速发展的政策建议和举措。     

西藏色季拉山急尖长苞冷杉林下苔藓持水性能研究

西藏色季拉山为典型的高原山地原始暗针叶林,面积较大的急尖长苞冷杉林为原始暗针叶林的主体。其林分生长良好,林下植被丰富,特别是林下苔藓层发育很好。采用野外观测法和室内浸泡法对西藏色季拉山不同坡向不同海拔急尖长苞冷杉林下的苔藓进行种类鉴定并进行持水能力研究。结果表明:调查地内共有苔藓9科13属14种,其中羽藓科锦丝藓属锦丝种为优势种,各海拔段均有分布;色季拉山阴坡各海拔段苔藓厚度均要高于阳坡;无论是天然持水量还是最大持水量,阴坡均要高于阳坡,两个坡向的3 800 m海拔段持水量最大;苔藓在浸水后0.5～1 h内持水量迅速上升,1 h后慢慢增加并稳定。结果表明苔藓在降雨1 h内对降雨的吸持有重要作用;苔藓持水量与浸泡时间可用对数函数拟合。     

Remote Sensing of Spatial and Temporal Vegetation Patterns in Two Grazing Systems

One constraint that range scientists must face in grazing studies is the lack of accurate and repeatable techniques for discriminating grazing effects from both temporal variability and spatial heterogeneity of vegetation. Both forms of variability contribute to inconsistent grazing system effects on vegetation response and forage production in semiarid ecosystems. Remote sensing may be an efficient tool for detecting differences in spatial and temporal patterns of grazing impact on vegetation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the spectral data derived from satellite images as a tool for comparing grazing system impacts on spatial and temporal vegetation patterns. We evaluated the effect of two grazing systems, “Continuous” (C) and “Two-Paddocks Rest-Rotation” (TPRR), on vegetation cover from 1996 to 2006 in a semiarid ecosystem of Argentina. We compared grazing effects on vegetation cover using two indices derived from the Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) data from Landsat Thematic Mapper images. We observed a slight advantage in NDVI improvement for the TPRR over the C. Even though, in both grazing systems, an upward vegetation trend occurred only in areas located far from the watering points, TPRR showed higher relative vegetation cover near the watering point than C. We consider this methodology an important step for monitoring vegetation changes and making management decisions in livestock systems of semiarid regions because grazing system impacts may be compared for both spatial and temporal vegetation patterns. However, we think that the key next step is to develop procedures that discriminate between forage and nonforage components.     

西藏牦牛大肠埃希氏菌生物学特性的研究

本文对西藏牦牛大肠埃希氏菌进行培养特性、形态染色、鞭毛检查、血凝性、生化试验、血清型鉴定、抗原性、致病性等生物学特性研究,同时用大肠埃希氏菌标准菌种C83907做对照试验.结果表明,西藏牦牛大肠埃希氏菌在普通琼脂平板上可形成光滑型和粗糙型两种类型的菌落,在5%绵羊鲜血琼脂平板上无溶血现象;具有运动性,对家兔红细胞表现出强凝集,而对牦牛、绵羊、马、鸡、猪、鸭的红细胞不凝集,能发酵大多数糖类;其0抗原血清型为026、0142、0148和0158混合型;牦牛大肠埃希氏菌的培养物对家兔具有致病性,用牦牛大肠埃希氏菌油乳剂疫苗2次免疫家兔14 d后检测抗体效价,抗体效价≥2<8>.